Academic Reference

Academic Subjects: Science & Commerce Notes

Structured study guides and essential reference formulas for secondary and competitive exam students.

Physics ⚛️

Newton's Laws of Motion ($F = ma$), Einstein's Mass-Energy Equivalence ($E = mc^2$), and gravitational acceleration.

Key Formulas: $F = ma$ • $KE = \frac{1}{2}mv^2$ • $W = Fd$

Chemistry 🧪

The logarithmic pH definition ($\text{pH} = -\log[\text{H}^+]$), periodic trends, and chemical bonding.

Key Concepts: Arrhenius Acids • Molarity • Redox Reactions

Biology 🔬

Mendelian inheritance, cellular respiration, DNA double-helix replication, and biological classification.

Key Topics: Mitosis vs Meiosis • DNA Replication • Taxonomy

Economics 📈

Supply and demand equilibrium, price elasticity, GDP calculation methods, and inflation indices.

Key Formulas: $GDP = C + I + G + (X - M)$ • Elasticity $E_d$

Commerce 📊

The fundamental accounting identity ($\text{Assets} = \text{Liabilities} + \text{Equity}$) and golden rules of journal entry debit & credit.

Golden Rules: Debit what comes in, credit what goes out • Debit the receiver, credit the giver

Recommended Next Steps

Glossary of biological disciplines and definitions.

World countries, flags, currencies, and days.

Revision strategies for competitive tests.